Justice And The Criminal Justice Part Of The Legal System

LAW3CJU CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT Word count: XXXX Felix Ferris Student number: 17290893 Seminar details: Tuesday, 4pm – 5pm (Room: MAR 171), Pascale Chifflet I. Introduction Miscarriages of justice illuminate the serious systematic problems that can plague the criminal justice part of the legal system. Such miscarriages show not only the fundamental weakness of an adversarial system, with its focus on ends rather than means, but also the reluctance of the system to consider its own mistakes. One such example is the case of David Harold Eastman and the recent quashing of Mr Eastman’s conviction for the murder of Colin Stanley Winchester . The case and subsequent inquiry demonstrated a significant departure from the norms governing areas of disclosure and forensic expert evidence. The Eastman inquiry lends consideration to the broader organisational and institutional response to miscarriages of justice and how they may be prevented in future. Attention may be placed on the important role of the CCRC (Criminal Cases Review Commission) in Britain and the error correction role such an institution can play. Further, as highlighted by the Eastman inquiry – the problematic nature forensic science disciplines largely contribute to the adverse outcomes in miscarriage of justice cases – these concerns may largely be addressed through the implementation of further oversight of forensic science practices including standardised testing andShow MoreRelatedThe New South Wales Criminal Justice System1385 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The administration of criminal justice and the operation of criminal process play an important role in our ever-changing society. 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With Technology becoming a part of peoples everyday lives it is to be expected that technology would cross over into the world of crime. New computer crime has escalated in the past 10 years. As with the advancement of crime it has also made advancements in crime fighting aspect of criminal justice, these advances help criminal justice professionals in the community while on duty and during the investigatory stage. The advent of technology in the criminal justice systemRead MoreThe Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in Dealing with Young Offenders1162 Words   |  5 PagesAustralia Criminal Process. Including the introduction of the theory known as Doli Incapax meaning the age of criminal reasonability, the Young Offender Act 1997 NSW as well new law regarding the rights of a child once they have been arrested. It is evident that these while some of charges are still ineffective in dealing with Young Offenders within the Criminal Justice System the majority of them are in place for the greater good and are assisting young offenders when it relates to the Criminal Justice

Mcdonalds Value Chain Analysis - 5751 Words

2010 Management Information System: McDonald’s case study Idris Sugiarto (21671532) McDonald’s is no doubt the world’s most powerful brand in quick service restaurant industry in terms of market share and brand value. Committed in quality, service, cleanliness, and value, McDonald’s must deliver its product to consumers with consistency and efficiency. This report will explore how McDonald’s corporation maintains its operational excellence through support from integration of sophisticated technologies. It suggests that to be able to apply technology in organization, value chain process must be defined and by then, information technology can be utilized to link each process that forms a comprehensive information system. It further explains†¦show more content†¦The fees include land and building rent, service fees, royalties 2 Management Information System: McDonald’s case study 2010 based on sales, and initial fees from franchisees (McDonald’s, 2009). The fees can vary according to type of site, amount of company investment, and local business condition (Euromonitor International, 2009a). In addition, U.S, Europe, and APMEA (Asia/Pacific, Middle East, and Africa) account for 35%, 41%, and 19% of total revenues respectively (McDonald’s, 2009). Although the main business of McDonald’s is restaurant business, McDonald’s Corporation is the largest owner of retail property in the world and the company earn majority of its revenue not from selling food but from collecting rent (Schlosser, 2002). Figure 1.1 – Revenue source by restaurant ownership (Euromonitor International, 2009a) Figure 1.2 – Revenue source by countries (Euromonitor International, 2009a) Marketing towards children Since 1979, McDonald’s has been targeting children between 3-9 years old by introducing Happy Meal, give away toys for meal purchase (Euromonitor International, 2009b; Schlosser, 2002). 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The Time Machine free essay sample

One of the most famous time travelling novels was H. G. Wells’ The Time Machine which was published in 1895. Thoughts and ideas of time travelling existed before Wells’ work, but it was him who formulated the idea of time travelling as using a â€Å"machine†. The dictionary defines the term â€Å"literature† as writings in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and universal interest, are characteristic or essential features, as poetry, novels, history, biography, and essays. Through the different genres and subgenres that H. G. Wells has created in The Time Machine, proving that this literary work belonging in â€Å"high culture† will support its relevance in the tradition of Western literature. According to Peter Firchow, H. G. Wells â€Å"does not only appeal to a recently created audience which, like himself expected its fictions to be a least as technologically sophisticated as the articles on technology and science in its newspapers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Time Machine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He also appeals to an audience that, like himself, had been nourished on a rich fare of travel literature, especially travel to exotic places and often – as with Livingston and Stanley – under conditions of extreme hardship and danger† (124). The Time Machine can draw in a larger audience through its adventurous theme of travelling to foreign places. Even in its title, we can draw out even more ideas that can relate to mechanics or engineers from the word â€Å"Machine†. In the Science Fiction Studies, Veronica Hollinger deconstructed the idea of a time machine and states that, â€Å"To write about time travel, therefore, is necessarily to have performed a kind of reading, to have interpreted time in order to structure it as the â€Å"space† through which a traveler can undertake a journey† (201). Hollinger argues that time travel is a â€Å"sign without a referent† and that the time travel story provides literary metaphors of our ideas about the nature of time. This is also useful to show how evident the concepts are not normally grasped or produced from readers. The new idea of time travelling would have to come from educated thoughts and/or a â€Å"high culture† of educated society in Western literature. Part of the plot in The Time Machine also emphasizes a â€Å"prophetic warning of the decline of the human race and this â€Å"devolution† is the apparently direct result of the class divisiveness of Wells’ contemporary social situation† (Hollinger 202). The story involves travelling to the year 802,701 A. D. and encountering beings called the Eloi and Morlocks. The society and class structure are clearly divided in this culture. This vision of a disturbing future could have been a message from the English author to the society so it can change its ways. If not, his story about the Eloi can be a clue of advice to warn them about their troublesome ways in society, government, etc. through these metaphors from time travelling. The idea of what is yet to come, whether it is through social class or government, shows some of the criteria that may be required to fully understand the message Wells tries to get across to audiences. Being knowledgeable and educated in the modern society helps showcase the theories in the plot. From Michael P. Lee’s Reading Meat in H. G. Wells, he states that humans are a â€Å"vigorous animal† and yet we try to divide ourselves to become more civilized. He states that â€Å"In the work of H. G. Wells, meat becomes both something capable of shaping narrative structure and the visceral evidence of an imperial culture in which social interest is inseparable from appetite and illumination is bound to carnage† (Lee 250). He continues, â€Å"†¦the seeker of information—the explorer, the scientist, the attentive conversationalist, even the reader of these books—is figured as a sublimated hunter of human meat. So while it is a commonplace in interdisciplinary work on cannibalism that in Western culture the cannibal has long been â€Å"a figure associated with absolute alterity and used to enforce boundaries between a civilized ‘us’ and savage ‘them’†. This also has the underlying message of â€Å"devolution†, and emphasizes the idea of the Morlocks cannibalizing the Eloi, which can be meant to foreshadow and mirror our futuristic fate as a society. Again, the topics of society, Darwinism, and cultural cannibalism are more aimed at a â€Å"high cultured† audience. Among the various characters that are introduced before the time traveler tells his story, we are familiarized with dinner guests that give the impression of being educated individuals. Their professions are revealed and are from different fields of study such as medical, psychology, an editor and journalist. Wells’ chose these characters apparently to be realistic because of them being â€Å"professional skeptics† (Firchow 126). Readers also learn that the narrator is a scientist of some kind. As the character speaks of his extraordinary travels, we are only given comments from him, using just his observation, that show that he has no help in trying to understand this world and nothing to aid in explaining anything to him. Firchow states that, â€Å"The Time Traveler’s understanding of the future is solely based on his deductions, which – no matter how persuasive they may seem to us – remain mere hypotheses to the very end† (127). He continues to address that this is also the method that is used by another fictional contemporary, Sherlock Holmes, to solve his mysteries. These literary works depict men of moderately high education, and with this science fiction novel readers are introduced to time traveling with a more scientific perspective as well realistic questioning and doubt from the characters. There have been many instances in fiction where time travel is used as a plot device and it has branched even further through pop culture and the entertainment industry. Some examples include television shows and full motion pictures like Doctor Who, Back to the Future, Japanese animation, Futurama, Superman, and episodes of the Twilight Zone. The plot device is also used in the genres of romantic dramas such as The Time Traveler’s Wife and The Lake House. In The Time Machine, H. G. Wells also uses a connection to draw another side of the audience through the main character’s found relationship with an Eloi, Weena. To help connect using a more emotional and powerful story, Wells provides a sense of â€Å"the Time Traveller’s personal safety – and, eventually, also that of his friend Weena – deepends on his ability to grasp what is really going on in the world of the Eloi and the Morlocks† (Firchow 128). This also accommodates readers with a sensitive side using this nurturing yet blurred romantic relationship. This bond is a link to the classic theme of the â€Å"damsel in distress†. An attractive being that is deemed to be female, forms an alliance with the main character that creates this affair motif after he saves her from drowning. The time traveler is accredited to becoming the â€Å"hero† when Wells displays Weena as a somewhat foolish, naive, and helpless individual that requires the needs protection. After his attachment with Weena, he learns of the situation of two species at hand and continues to try to keep Weena safe due to her helplessness. The time traveler also wants to bring Weena back with him to his current time which helps emphasize the attraction. The Sci-fi genre is not only exclusive to certain fanatics, but can become appealing through these other elements that H. G. Wells uses in The Time Machine. At the same time, Wells stands by his education and makes it apparent in the story. Firchow states that, â€Å"Wells is a radical innovator. He is the first writer of Utopian fiction to argue that the achievement of Utopia will inevitably lead to stagnation and degeneration. He is the first major novelist to make this claim because he is also the first to be fully informed of and convinced by Darwin’s theory of evolution† (131). This thought of â€Å"survival of the fittest† brings a struggle to the audience as well when thinking of the future of human kind. Deep thoughts can be pondered about evolution, time travel, and human nature. Peter Firchow states that The Time Machine is not only an innovative but also very much representative work of the late 19th century, a period often designated as the Age of Symbolism† (129). Through these different opportunities of appealing genres, H. G. Wells gives a great tale of adventure, scientific deductions, social degeneration, and life itself. Many of these themes and subjects involve a â€Å"higher cultured† education and may be required to have understood and/or interpreted these topics prior to reading this iconic story of a degenerating earth. The Time Machine has become involved in our Western literature as a classic and also an original inspiration to many modern day science fiction works. Even educators and scientific studies gain inspiration through the scientific observations that is used by the time traveler. The observations of astronomy through his journey combined with his deductions in figuring out the species of the future appeals to many. The Time Machine appeals to the imagination and minds of adventurers, educators, scientists, and storytellers that continue to question and strive for answers about our abilities and continue to investigate the ideas humanity itself.

The Boy Who Was Raised As A Dog Essay Example For Students

The Boy Who Was Raised As A Dog Essay The Boy Who Was Raised As A Dog It is amazing, ridiculous, and sometimes scary how the brain deals with trauma. It is also ludicrous to believe that your environment and how you are treated are not always believed to strongly affect children. The first story in this book is a very moving one. I thought it interesting and appropriate that that was his first child patient. One of the helpful people in this book that stood out to me was Mama P. Her intuitive knowledge of her babies is amazing. To have the strength and patience to bring in and care for a child like Robert is beautiful. We will write a custom essay on The Boy Who Was Raised As A Dog specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I would love to meet and learn from someone like that. One particular situation that I enjoyed learning about was the first hand count of disassociation. I have read about the symptoms of disassociation. So to read Ambers account of what happened in her mind during her disassociation was a first for me. What really surprised me was the continued neglect of these children. It Just seems like such a foreign concept to me to continually neglect children. Now it appears to be an easy concept, if a child is neglected, he/she needs more attention and care. I do realize that this is often hard in situations such as children in the foster care system, so how do we give these children the right amount of attention with limited resources? Leons story did surprise me a bit. The ignorance of the mother, and the family for that matter, is absurd. Why/how would you leave an infant for most of the day alone in an apartment while you take your other son out on a walk? Wouldnt you want to give both your children the same opportunities and ability to grow? I do not understand how the family or the husband did nothing while this was going on. On the other side of how James handled his abuse; it is surprising that such a young boy can show so much courage when he is being so abused and suppressed. After the attempts of murder on his life by his mother, as well as his other abuse that was blamed on him, he still fought for someone to believe him; when realistically, there are many adults let alone children that would have submitted and gave up! He was strong for his siblings and because of this got them out of the harmful situation they were in. It was hard for me to find something that I read in this book that I disagreed with. I think that these methods are sound and enlightening. He is someone that continues his education, and is open to learning new things from each of his patients. It seems that he does not see a need to punish the kids for the behavior they demonstrate because it does nothing for the child. I do believe in certain modified punishment, and maybe not for a long time. I do believe that these children need to be very nurtured, but when do they cross the line. When is the time you show some kind of discipline? I do not mean physical discipline, but these kids are mart; so knowing right and wrong is important. So, with any kid, what kind of discipline and teaching tactics do you use? I nls 000K really mace me aware 0T tne power 0T memory. History or patterns repeats itself, and if you only have one history, you are going to react that way. Changing patterns really helps these children (as it does everyone). Patterned and repetitive experiences have a huge impact on the brain, providing a safe environment for kids is key in any kind of recovery. For me this was most apparent in Justins case. He ever had, after 11 months, a healthy safe environment to grow in. .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47 , .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47 .postImageUrl , .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47 , .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47:hover , .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47:visited , .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47:active { border:0!important; } .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47:active , .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47 .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8671b5ed87ffefb1270f14ff9f766d47:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rediscovered EssayOnce that kind of consistent environment was provided he thrived. To think that they thought he was a lost cause, brain damaged; and then this man came in, gave him the environment to thrive and he did! The more you know, the better you can help others. Learning about cases is helpful no matter who you help. He shared his story of how he had to think outside the box in order to help these children, even when some of his superiors showed little concern on how things were. This book also showed me the neuroscience erspective. I have learned about it in class, but never look and applied it to so many real life cases. I also want to look more into how peers can help children grow. Peter was loved by his adoptive parents, but his time in Russia had obvious negative effects on him. I think it is sometimes overlooked how much children really understand, and how they can help. As humans, we are weary of the unknown, so we isolate it or disregard it. By educating his classmates, he enabled them to help Peter. This bit of information will now stick with me forever. I saw the neuroscience perspective. Looking at the brain in a use-dependent matter makes perfect sense to us now, but this concept was not thought of in the past. Neural systems that are used become more dominant and vice versa. It is easy to see the application when working with traumatized children. I think that is good to know about how the brain functions and works. But there is the sensitive period, and if this timing is off, children do not reach their full potential. So then what? To concentrate on the functionality of the brain and body to ow it effects behavior is an amazing tool. At the same time it is important to include the environmental and social structure that surrounds any patient. A main question that was raised for me when reading this book was what is the best way to help a large number of children? Leon was placed in an intervention program that put him with other disturbed childrenwhich research shows that this escalates bad behavior. It is not realistic to treat Americas disturbed youth on a one on one basis. Even thought this would be the best scenario, it is not possible. So hat else can be done to help intervention programs be successful? The Davidian compound and story still complexes me. I know this happens all across America, but I cannot understand this way of living. To live in constant fear of one man and his sadistic rules is foreign to me. I suppose if you feel like you cannot get out, you do form learned helplessness. I Just think that there has to be some kind of human instinct that tells you to run and get out. So why do people go back to these groups? Why did some of the children in Waco, Texas return to that religion, hen they saw what it did to their friends and family? My inner experience while reading all the chapters is the strength of these children. Of course the belief that children can Just bounce back from traumatic experiences Is Talse, out to see wnat tney ao go tnrougn, It Is amazing tnat tney can become functional at all. Disbelief and amazement would be the two main things I felt while reading this book. For example: the stories of the satanic panic were horrible. At the same time, how he deciphered the kids memories was amazing. He by chance fell onto using the heart monitor.

Pride and Prejudice Marriage Essays

Pride and Prejudice Marriage Essays Pride and Prejudice Marriage Essay Pride and Prejudice Marriage Essay Essay Topic: Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen wrote the well-known novel entitled Pride and Prejudice, which deals with the themes of reputation, love, class and of course pride and prejudice. However the main subject is marriage In a greedy society, where sometimes it only meant to just climb the social ladder. The novel shows its difficulties to be faced by any eligible female in pursuit ot a husband. It not married it could have been frowned upon and lane Austen used the relationships of the characters to accurately show the readers the convention of marriage. It is a truth universally acknowledged. the single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in a want of a wife (page 5) The very first sentence of Pride and Prejudice highlights the absolute importance of marriage in the early century. The sentence expresses the purpose for marriage, as it dealt nothing with love It was strictly to increase the characters social and financial status. Rather it provoked the feelings in the minds of the readers that the purpose of marriage was to create security for them finding a suitable marriage mate for the emale characters became the sole focus of their lives. Through Jane Austens writings the relationships between Wickham, Lydia, Mr and Mrs Bennet and Jane and Darcy, showed examples of the different types of marriages that you could still find today. The worst of these marriages is of course of Lydia and Wickham. Austen uses this relationship to show the outcome of relationships when it was based on youthful ignorance and physical attraction. Lydia is naive and attractive, where she is completely oblivious on how Wickham really feels about her. This type of marriage you can already see the outcome, with the help of Austens writing, without stating that Wickham isnt the loyal husband that Lydia believes he is. Neither character felt true love for one another and as a result both characters will appear somewhat miserable in their married life in the future. The marriage between Mr and Mrs Bennet show the example of Insanity, which can erupt between two people that have been wed for the incorrect reasons. Mr Bennet has a very witty sense of humor and often teases his wife. This is the only enjoyment e gains trom Mrs Bennet Mr Bennet marries, on what Austen beliefs to be, false grounds. Mr Bennet decision on marrying Mrs Bennet was seduced by her good looks and youth and this effect of this Is that Mr Benner isolates himself from his family finding refuge through mocking his oblivious wife. This becomes his only happiness. Finally, the marriage between the maln character Elizabeth and Mr Darcy gives a happy marriage. The relationship first begins with Mr Darcys opinion of Elizabeth she is tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt me (page 13). Mr Darcy was not first attracted by Elizabeth and yet her personality as he started know and later admits In Vain I have struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you. (Page 157). Mr Darcy feelings grow to become so in love with Elizabeth that he wishes being with her forever. This proves the he didnt marry her not just for wealth, reputation, class or t finds with her. Austen represented her beliefs on a good marriage through Elizabeth and Darcy relationship to prove to the audience that happiness in marriage can only e achieved if the couple marry because of their love for one another. Jane Austen showed her audience through reading Pride and Prejudice the importance of marrying through the examples of Lydia, Wickham, Mr and Mrs Bennet, Darcy and Elizabeth on the outcomes that come along with the marriage mate. These examples of marriages found in the novel, we can see this in reading that Lydia and Wickhams marriage was somewhat frowned upon whereas we had the happy ending of Elizabeth and Darcys marriage that was through happiness and love.

Top 10 ancient towns and villages worth visiting and exploring

Top 10 ancient towns and villages worth visiting and exploring The most beautiful ancient towns and villages that boast a vast historic heritage Our world is full of astounding ancient cities that have survived more than just time. They became famous for their vast historic and cultural heritage. There are a lot of things in these everlasting places that are worth our attention. Just get ready to take a walk and explore these must visit ancient villages and towns.   Alberobello, Puglia, Italy Alberobello, in the region of Puglia in southern Italy, is a unique and picturesque holiday destination that can impress everyone with its unusual districts of trulli. A trulo is a hut with white-washed conical roof which were built by the local people in the distant past with the purpose to avoid taxes. That settlement fooled the authorities in such way – it just didn`t have a status of a town because those huts could be easily dismantled. These days, travelers can wander the narrow streets, experience the historic spirit of this site, and admire the original architecture. Trakai Island, Lithuania Trakai is the historical capital of Lithuania where you can visit the only island castle in Eastern Europe. Trakai Island Castle is an incredible architectural example of Gothic style which was built by Lithuanian dukes in XIV century and served and their residence. Nowadays, people can visit various cultural events that are held in this gorgeous place. The Knight Competition is the most popular among the foreigners.   Its historical center is also famous for its numerous lakes. Ronda, Malaga, Spain Despite being a grooving town Ronda retains much of its historic charm and uniqueness. This place won`t stop fascinating its visitors from all over the world. It is famous for its dramatic and breathtaking views and escarpments. A 100m deep canyon EL Tajo will definitely impress you with its gorge. Ronda is a birthplace of modern bullfighting which people glimpse once a year at Feria Goyesca. Marburg, Germany Marburg is a romantic German riverfront town that dates back to the 9th century. It is considered to be a cultural center of Europe with its beautiful Renaissance and Gothic architecture. The gorgeous Marburg Castle overlooks this medieval university town. There are a lot of places of interest for tourist, students, and scientists here. Fenghuang (Phoenix Ancient Town), Hunan Province, China Fenghuang is situated in the area of breathtaking natural beauty where water, mountains, and blue skies prevail. It is considered to be the most beautiful town in China. You will be definitely impressed with its elegance, rich culture, air of mystery, and primitive simplicity. Fenghuang is a perfect example of what villages used to be to the onset of modernization. Piodao, Portugal Piodao is a historical schist village in central Portugal, which is considered to be one of the most charming and picturesque villages in the country. Piodao is indeed a unique site due to its houses that are arranged in the form of an amphitheatre. Locals are very proud of their beautiful medieval town with its outstanding views, historic architecture, and magnificent mountainous landscapes. Songzanlin, Shangri-La, China Songzanlin is the largest Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Yunnan which attracts a lot of tourists from the whole world due to its mysterious atmosphere, unique Tibetan architecture, and magnificent treasures. It is interesting that this monastery`s complex, which is surrounded with stunning nature, makes an entire little town. Its well-preserved frescos, wonderful golden lamps, Tibetan lections, and golden figures of Buddha josses make this monastery one of the most famous temples in China. Bergamo, Italy Bergamo is a northern Italy treasure. This beguiling eastern Lombard city has a lot to offer: A wealth of art, amazing nature, historic architecture, breathtaking views, and some fine dining.   The amazing terraced gardens and slopes planted with various floras make this town popular holiday destination. The old upper city – Citta Alta – is where most of the tourist attractions can be found. Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India Jodhpur is a delightful blend of the modern and the traditional. It is one of the largest and most populated cities in Rajasthan. It marks its origin back to the year of 1459 AD. This city is popularly known as the Blue City because its havelis, palaces, forts, houses, and temples are built in vivid shades of blue. There is always something to see here. That is why it is also the favorite tourist destination. The main things visitors like to discover in Jodhpur are fabrics, handcrafts, and spice markets. Civita di Bagnoregio, Province of Viterbo, Italy Italy`s Civita di Bagnoregio is a Jewel on the hill. It was founded by Etruscans more than 2,500 years ago. This city is included in the list of 100 Most Endangered Sites because its population has dwindled to just six residents. Tourists are welcome by these friendly local people. You will discover the impressive nature, historic architecture, and stunning panoramic views here.

TOCYO's Approach Managing People Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

TOCYO's Approach Managing People - Assignment Example The report will discuss the issues that were currently being faced by the company. The company was in quite a lot of mess there were many issues in nearly all the departments of the company as well as the management alos had issues amongst themselves. The report will identify the issues, present the causes of the issues and then present a solution for the problem. The only solution for the company is to bring about a whole revamping era into his firm so as to make sure that they can grab back their marketing share and as well as start making profits. INTRODUCTION The company was founded by Harold Bennett who was an ex-marine engineer, he company was working successfully under him and there were no serious issues, but when issues started to raise their heads, he sold the company to another person and stopped his interference in the company, but later when once again the company was losing out on its market share the new owner decided to sell it. Gordon Bennett, who was a family member of the founder felt that the company should once again come back into the family decided to undergo a management buyout. ... Each departmental head was on the look out to create benefit for themselves and for her friends. The employee were not being paid properly, there was serious discrepancies in the pays that were being handed out and the employees hence felt degraded and left out. There were serious financial drains in the company in the form of part time workers and failed experiments. Also, some of the departmental heads had made many things an egotistical issue, when there was no such thing. The departmental head had also failed to account for the cultural structure of Mexico where unionism is quite strong and hence the difference in payments was treated as a huge issue. One major thing in the company was the increasing nepotism which always leads to the downfall of companies. Another major issue that he is currently facing is in relation to the relocation, if he merges the two units there will be some layoffs, but it would result in major cost savings, he has to make a decision about it as well and soon, and make sure that decision is in the favor of the employees and the company as a whole. Management Currently there are many issues in the management; in fact some of the major issues which are then leading to smaller issues are emerging from the management. The HR department at first needs a serious bit of change, although Swagg has a lot of experience in the same industry but she really lacks the honesty and the vigor that should be in her as a part of HR department. The kind of employees that you are hire are the ones that really make a difference in today’s business, employees help you create the niche that gives you a competitive advantage in the long run. She should know that

Can and should the arts be used for emancipatory or progressive Essay

Can and should the arts be used for emancipatory or progressive purposes Answer this question drawing on relevant cultural theories on the relationship between the arts and politics - Essay Example In this regard, the arts are usually associated with recreation, distractions and amusements (Wolff & Geahigan, 1997, p. 1). Proponents of the arts argue however that the arts are embodied knowledge and quite often interprets, constructs and criticizes life. In this regard, the arts like the sciences, also transfers knowledge. The arts aids in shaping an â€Å"understanding of the world† as it is or as it should be and as such can and often does, guide progress and emancipation (Metallinos, 2009, p. 146). Therefore, the arts can be powerful communication sources and may transfer knowledge relative to social, political and cultural realities and in doing so can raise consciousness and lead to progress and emancipation. The purpose of this research paper is to explore and analyse the assumption that the arts are powerful social, political and cultural communications and whether or not the arts should be used for progressive and emancipatory purposes. This is a particularly complex issue as arts are not all expressive and some are wholly aimed at creating pleasure and economic investment. Even so, given the communication associated with the arts, this research paper explores whether or not it is fair to impose emancipation and progressive responsibilities on artists. In order to determine whether or not the arts can and should be used for emancipatory and progressive purposes, cultural and political theories of the arts will be analysed. The arts are often defined as representations and expressions of life, nature, objects and human feelings and activities. Art as a representation and/or an expression is immediately defined as a communication between the artists and the audience to which it is directed or exposed. In this regard, art is said to be reflective in that it often invokes human emotions and thoughts. At the same time, some arts such as instrumental classical or any

Descartes and Hume’s Infinity Essay Example for Free

Descartes and Hume’s Infinity Essay The word infinity refers to several concepts but all pertains to something that is without bound or endless. Most of the time, it is used in the field of mathematics but the concept is also used in several other fields including philosophy. This paper will try to study Rene Descartes and David Humes concepts and views of infinity as well as the problems regarding their concepts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Rene Descartes, the word infinity is attributed and is referred to a perfect being, to God. On the other hand, although most of his infinity raises most paradoxes that are really challenging for his empiricism, David Hume asserts that we cannot comprehend infinity. According to Descartes, infinity is the same as God or that God is the same as infinity. He also proves the existence of God by using the concept of infinity as an illustration. Descartes also said that he is able to see infinity because he is able to think and imagine a large object and as well as a larger object but not the largest object. Descartes stated the existence of god is proven by the use of infinity because according to him, if you have the idea of infinity and yet cannot witnessed it proves the existence of God. This is because our so called finite self will not be able to generate the idea of something like infinity and therefore the idea must then came from a somewhere or someone of infinite being, from God. The ability of God is also proven by infinity because according to Descartes, the continuity of thing should be conserved and therefore needs the continuous power that is supporting it. On the other hand, according to David Hume, because it is by faith that we know that God exist and so we will know his nature in the heaven. If there is a God with infinite attributes, then he is therefore infinitely incomprehensible without proportion to us human beings. Therefore Hume objects the concept of infinity because we cannot experience infinity; therefore we have no adequate idea of what infinity really is. Because of his belief and thinking, he even proposes to replace the notion of endless or unbounded, infinity, by a time and space theory. That every idea that we have is copied from a similar impression is the fundamental of Hume’s arguments. So according to Hume, our idea of God together with his attributes such as his infinite intelligence, good being and all his infinite abilities and characteristics are just products of our own mind, increasing that idea without limit those qualities. Therefore our notion and knowledge of god is not brought by any revelations or something that god put on us but rather by of us taking our normal attributes and increasing these attributes to infinity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major problem regarding the theory and idea of Hume is that it contradicts some principles in geometry such as the Pythagorean theorem. David Hume’s theory includes the denial of the thesis that extension infinitely divisible. Still, how Hume critiques the idea of infinity is said to be a product of Enlightenment theory of Knowledge. Also the theories of Hume disprove the existence of God in which case most people will definitely disagree and critique and would say inverse that we does not create God but rather God created us. In this case it is certain that many people will be against Hume’s principles and ideology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problem with Descartes ideas is that he needs the existence of a perfect being in order to be able to have a clear idea of what is infinity. Also the argument of Descartes is a circular argument because he proves the existence of God using the idea of infinity and at the same time his idea of infinity relies on the knowledge of God. The clarity of his ideas is relied on God and God on his ideas. Since Descartes infinity theory relies on the concept of having an infinite and perfect being in our mind, there surely be misconceptions and understanding on the concept since our mind is able to entertain several things that may include fiction or something that is untrue. Greek gods, goddesses as well as super heroes are some of the examples that we entertain in our minds that are far and/or not part of the real world. Also since different person have different views and as well knowledge and understanding, there could be as many interpretations of the word infinity as there are people. And how about those that did not believe in the existence of God? Does that mean that they are not capable of understanding what infinity is? Definitely not and therefore Descartes’ concept of infinity applies to limited people only. The main similarity and difference between Rene Descartes ideas of infinity to that of Hume is that both of them uses the concept of God making their argument. They both use the concept and knowledge of a so-called infinite being in their arguments. Also they are in different and in conflict because Descartes proves the existence of God by using the concept of infinity and Hume do the opposite, disproving the existence of God as disproving the concept of infinity. In Descartes statement, infinity exist although we cannot see it. The mere fact that the idea of infinity is in our minds prove that there really is an infinite being, a God that created all things and that sustains it by his infinite attributes. On the other hand, Hume believes that we cannot comprehend and understand infinity and it therefore there exist no such thing. It can be said that both Descartes and Hume have an idea of what infinity is. Their difference is the idea whether infinity is achievable or not. For Descartes, infinity or God exist although we cannot see it or even imagine it; that basically is infinity. On the other hand, Hume disapprove the concept of infinity saying that since we cannot see or visualize infinity, infinity does not exist and should be replaced by something that exist, something real like time and space. Although the two ideas are conflicting in can be said that they are truly believable and without further and close study of the matter, we may really be misguided. Still, whether we believe Descartes or Hume depends on us, no one will force us to believe someone. What is important is that we really have the basis of our beliefs. Reference Brown, R. G. (2007). God, Dog and Spark. Retrieved December 04, 2007 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/Poetry/hot_tea/hot_tea/node31.html Holding, J. P. (No Date). Humaen Understanding. Retrieved December 04, 2007 from http://www.tektonics.org/gk/hume01.html Leahy, J. P. (2000). Infinity and Eternity of the Universe. Retrieved December 04, 2007 from http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~jpl/cosmo/infinity.html

Personal Narrative- The Real Me :: Personal Perspective Essays

Personal Narrative- The Real Me I was sitting, waiting impatiently for Adam. All of a sudden, this red Toyota Tacoma flew into my driveway, screech. â€Å"Hey sweetie! Are you ready to go and eat?† he screamed out of his fire red truck. In the mean time, I was sitting there, glaring out the window, talking to myself like a harebrained would do, asking the stupidest questions, â€Å"Is he going to like my disturbed family? What is he going to think of my annoying redneck relatives? I hope he likes fish. Am I too dressed up for dinner?† W arrived at my grandmothers’ house around 5:30, at once my aunt Gaye grabs me by the arms, â€Å"Hey girl! Give your favorite Aunt Gaye a hug!† pulling me under her arm. I yanked my head away, but I already got disillusioned by the smell of month old gym clothes. â€Å"And who is this fine young boy behind you?† I was so red by this point that I just took him to the kitchen, introduced him to the rest of my family, that was there. While introducing Adam to Casey and Ben, Gracie, my three year old cousin, ran into me, knocked me off my feet, while giving me the biggest bear hug ever. She rapidly ran away just after noticing Adam; she is very shy. Adam and I began to laugh as Gracie ran into the wall. Lacey, my five year old cousin also Gracie’s big sister, runs straight up to Adam and gives him a hug; she is very sweet. Finally, after Adam met everyone but my parents, they showed up. â€Å"Hey mom and dad, this is Adam. He has met the rest of the family and it smells like dinner is ready. Shall we eat?† I rushed along so there wouldn’t be any embarrassment. On the table, my grandmother arranged the food, placing each dish in its assigned place. The table was crawling with fried food: a huge pan of 100 crispy, crunchy fish, squishy hush puppies, and black tatter-tots, a bowl of bright green, grassy coleslaw, with a cottage cheese texture. Gross! Piling food onto ours plates, Adam and I rushed outside to sit in front of the television in hopes for the game to be on. While eating I noticed that Adam was throwing away the fish tails, â€Å"Adam! What are you doing? You are supposed to eat the fish tail! Here let me show you.

William Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily”

William Faulkner's â€Å"A Rose for Emily† was originally published in the April 30, 1930, issue of Forum. It was his first short story published in a major magazine. A slightly revised version was published in two collections of his short fiction, These 13 (1931) and Collected Stories (1950). It has been published in dozens of anthologies as well. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is the story of an eccentric spinster, Emily Grierson. An unnamed narrator details the strange circumstances of Emily’s life and her odd relationships with her father, her lover, and the town of Jefferson, and the horrible secret she hides. The story’s subtle complexities continue to inspire critics while casual readers find it one of Faulkner’s most accessible works. The popularity of the story is due in no small part to its gruesome ending. Faulkner often used short stories to â€Å"flesh out† the fictional kingdom of Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, for his novels. In fact, he revised some of his short fiction to be used as chapters in those novels. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† takes place in Jefferson, the county seat of Yoknapatawpha. Jefferson is a critical setting in much of Faulkner’s fiction. The character of Colonel Sartoris plays a role in the story; he is also an important character in the history of Yoknapatawpha. However, â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a story that stands by itself. Faulkner himself modestly referred to it as a â€Å"ghost story,† but many critics recognize it as an extraordinarily versatile work. As Frank A. Littler writes in Notes on Mississippi Writers, ‘‘A Rose for Emily’’ has been ‘‘read variously as a Gothic horror tale, a study in abnormal psychology, an allegory of the relations between North and South, a meditation on the nature of time, and a tragedy with Emily as a sort of tragic heroine. ’’

Content Analysis Of Gender Stereotypes in Magazines Essay

It only takes a second to attach a strong feeling or idea to a character in a movie, advertisement, or video game. Many characterization used are based on the assumed stereotypes, and are usually one-dimensional characters. Typically, these characterizations usually come from inherited family values, education, and the media. While stereotypes existed long before mass media, the media machine certainly helped to accelerate the cultural growth of all kinds of stereotypes. It is beyond this paper to answer why magazines employ these gender stereotypes, instead this research is designed to analyze whether the content (writing, pictures, and advertising) in magazines employs the use of stereotypes in their depiction of gender. Initial Investigation Before conducting the research, I went to library and looked through two different magazines, Sports Illustrated (SI) and Chatelaine, which were both released in November 2011. SI is a sports magazine with a gender-neutral name, but there is one long-held view that women are not equal to men in the realm of sports. I’m not talking about the performance levels of athletes, but the idea that accomplishments of female athletes are not celebrated equally to those made by male athletes. As for Chatelaine, which means a woman who owns or controls a large house, it is a Canadian magazine focused on female interests, and according to the magazine, those interests are fashion, beauty and decor, to current affairs, health and food. The cover of SI shows a male basketball player in mid-air about to score a point, which isn’t anything that is grounds to claim that SI is gender biased. However, the editorial content on the cover provides more interesting tidbits as it promotes a list of the premier college basketball teams in the United States, but the list for women’s college basketball is half of the men’s league. Going through the 112-paged issue, I found there to be only five pages dedicated to female athletes. In fact, the first image of a  female in the magazine is an undressed lady sitting cross-legged on a beach. There is no mention of her interests, thoughts, or even her identity, as her only purpose on the page seems to be showing her body. To my surprise, this wasn’t an ad but an SI article that focused on tips for photographing swimsuit models. While the image can be interpreted as simply showing the end-product of a skill (photography), but it doesn’t remedy the fact that the skill involves using women primarily as sexual objects. Besides that, the ads in the magazine were for products, such as shavers, gadgets, and cars, which both sexes could be equally interested in; however, it is fascinating to note that the advertisements make those products seem to be solely for men. As for the other magazine, Chatelaine, it was actually more extreme in portraying gender stereotypes. One of the first things that I noticed was that it had a lot more advertisement. In fact, I would say that the ratio of ads in the magazine almost compared to the previous magazine would be three to one. Also, all the advertisements were for women products such as make-up or hair products. As for editorial content, I noticed the cover had the headline â€Å"The Most Talked-About Women in 2011.† This would certainly be proof or at least could be seen as hinting that women covet gossiping. For me, the most intriguing aspect for me was that it was a women’s magazine but had plenty of female stereotypes. Lastly, there was no appearance at all of men in the magazine. I did not have time to analyze all the articles but I saw no picture of a man except for one random shaving ad. Units of Analysis and Observation For this research, the unit of analysis or the major entity that will be studied will be magazine content. The portrayal of both sexes and the relations between them will be studied in magazines by examining three features, the pictures, writing and advertisements. Pictures can evoke strong feelings in people and they usually carry implicit and explicit messages, thus I will be tracking the messages that relate to gender stereotypes. Besides that, I will also be looking out for writing in the magazines’ editorial content that suggest gender stereotype. Lastly, ads will be looked as the type of product and lifestyle associated with said product that is being depicted may show gender stereotypes. For this research, the unit of observation are magazines as obviously will be making  my observations in magazines. What are the reasons for choosing this medium? Convenience, easy to secure, and also it is quite easy to analyse compared to other mediums. However, there is one important criterion for magazines, such as they have to be in English language as it will be important in identifying gender stereotyping in the writing. Though, there are criteria that are not important to me such as the genre (men’s and women’s magazine) and also, the magazines will not be filtered in terms of their release date Sample The next step is securing a list of the all unit of observation, the magazines. The sampling method that I would use is for this research would be random selection. My sampling frame for the research would be British Columbia, because of lack of resources. To acquire a list of magazines, I would first go to libraries and check the archives to get listings for magazines of all genres. As I already mentioned, I would be interested in looking at magazines that are also from the past. For this reason, I would rather go to a library than a store as their supplies will be limited. Thus, I would then choose from the archival listing of magazines in the libraries, and get the size of my list to 250, and then I would randomly select 100 magazines from that list to research. Variables In our research goal, we are analyzing the content of magazines for absence or presence of two variables; the use of male and female stereotypes in magazines. These two variables can be identified and defined by first coming to understand what the term, gender stereotype, means. Firstly, gender stereotypes are a social construct that depict men and women having a set of social and behavioural norms that are considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex in the context of a specific culture, which differ widely between cultures and over time. Many of our current gender stereotypes, such as men are stoic or women are rumour-mongers, have roots in ancient myths, religious accounts, and archetypes. Thus, these stereotypes have existed with mankind long before the advent of mass media. However as mentioned earlier, mass media has certainly had a significant role in the transmission of these values and thoughts across any society. More importantly, these gender stereotypes are harmful to society when  people often inaccurately categorize individuals according to their group membership because they assume stereotypes to be based on reality. Traditionally, it has been females who have suffered by being pressured to reach a perfect socially-accepted body image, but as media now fixes its gaze on the idealized super fit male bodies, males too are feeling the weight of this social construct. Thus, the use of female or male stereotypes in magazines can be identified by recognizing whether the depiction of either sex uses a set of socially constructed attributes, behavioural patterns, and roles. Thus, in the next section I will show instances or examples of gender stereotyping that will indicate the absence or presence of the two variables. Indicators For the first variable, the use of male stereotypes in magazines, it can be indicated by checking for common male stereotypical beliefs. For instance, men are usually portrayed as stoic and unemotional. Besides that, they are also typically defined by their possessions and their ability to gain these possessions through a successful career. Also, they are thought to be independent and heroic, coming to the rescue of any damsel in distress. Furthermore, they are usually depicted as physically strong and aggressive. Other than that, they are also narrated as having poor domestic skills such as cooking. Lastly, the male is sexualized by being pressured to have a bigger body size that is muscular or sexually potent. For the next variable, the use of female stereotypes in magazines, it can be indicated by identifying female stereotypical beliefs. For example, females are usually thought to be emotional and prone to mood swings. Besides that, they are defined by their beauty or their clothing. Also, they are usually dependant, reliant on others for support, and needs rescuing from males. Other than that, they are also depicted as being submissive, having to please others before they can please themselves. Also, they are usually depicted as limited to playing a domestic role as a housewife and caretaker of the family and household. Besides that, females are also sexualized by being pressured to have a slim and voluptuous figure. Additionally, there is almost a mirroring between the ways each sex is portrayed using stereotype. This is an interesting aspect that also actually makes the research more â€Å"smoother† and faster as it will be explained in the next section. Codes The next step is to codify the indicators that we have established so that they can be measured and quantified to answer the research question. These codes will be able to represent stereotypes for both sexes as we have noted the inverse relationship of the stereotypical attributes and behaviours for each sex. One key issue is that the following codes may embody more than one of the previous indicators. One of the first codes is suggestive body language. Indeed, the way in which the subject’s body is postured can either connote different stereotypes. Although this code will probably be primarily used in analyzing photographs or advertisements in magazines, written articles also may describe the body posing in a way that suggests certain stereotypes. For instance, the stereotype of a female’s submissiveness if the female subject, in the magazine content, has a reserved facial expression or a male’s dominance can be expressed by a male subject, in the magazine content, though a powerful stance. Another stereotype expressed through body language is the emotional state of a subject, as a male with a silent expression can show the stoic stereotype, whereas a female crying can show the overtly-emotional stereotype. Another code to systemize the indicators is idealized appearance. This may sound vague and similar to the previous code, but for our research purposes, this term will represent how the men and women are dressed and their physique as well. Clothes are regarded as a status symbol and one may associate an individual with a higher or lower social class by examining their attire. And when there is a lack of clothes, the focus of the magazine’s reader is drawn to the subject’s physical body. Thus, the stereotype being expressed here would be the objectification of each sex. Magazine content that embody this code frame the reader’s perception of information according to the contour of the model’s body contour, thus certain body sizes are considered idealized because they are shown more. The last code used for the research is stereotypical tasks. To explain, the actions of the male or female that are shown or described to be doing in the content of a magazine can connote several stereotypes. For instance, a female in a magazine may be shown to be working a traditional domestic role and a male may be shown as having a successful life by having a career that is high-paying. Another one would be females may be described as having a set of particular interests such as shopping or gossiping, whereas a male’s interests may be described as working out or professional. Besides that, the stereotypical task will also include what are they saying as as their expression of their thoughts can show any of the indicators. Analysis/Measurement The next step is to outline a way to make sense of the data that is being collected. I will do this by designing a tally sheet that separates unit of analysis from unit of observation while counting the frequency of the codes. The first column is for Magazine ID, each magazine that is randomly picked from the sample size, and each would be assigned its own number. The next three columns would be for the three codes discussed earlier. Then it would be divided into two columns as I want to see the code applied for each of the two variables (the use of male and female stereotypes in magazines). I wanted to account for two variables because I find this useful to see if there is an equal ratio of gender stereotypes or is it always extreme? Suggestive body language Idealized appearance Stereotypical tasks Magazine ID Male Female Male Female Male Female 01 23 7 8 55 40 22 02 40 11 20 17 23 28 03 09 23 18 14 15 17

Why the US Is Said to Have a Mixed Economy

Why the US Is Said to Have a Mixed Economy The United States is said to have a mixed  economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles. Indeed, some of the most enduring debates of American economic history focus on the relative roles of the public and private sectors. Private vs. Public Ownership The American free enterprise system emphasizes private ownership. Private businesses produce most goods and services, and almost two-thirds of the nations total economic output goes to individuals for personal use (the remaining one-third is bought by government and business). The consumer role is so great, in fact, that the nation is sometimes characterized as having a consumer economy. This emphasis on private ownership arises, in part, from American beliefs about personal freedom. From the time the nation was created, Americans have feared excessive government power, and they have sought to limit governments authority over individuals including its role in the economic realm. In addition, Americans generally believe that an economy characterized by private ownership is likely to operate more efficiently than one with substantial government ownership. Why? When economic forces are unfettered, Americans believe, supply and demand determine the prices of goods and services. Prices, in turn, tell businesses what to produce; if people want more of a particular good than the economy is producing, the price of the good rises. That catches the attention of new or other companies that, sensing an opportunity to earn profits, start producing more of that good. On the other hand, if people want less of the good, prices fall and less competitive producers either go out of business or start producing different goods. Such a system is called a market economy. A socialist economy, in contrast, is characterized by more government ownership and central planning. Most Americans are convinced that socialist economies are inherently less efficient because the government, which relies on tax revenues, is far less likely than private businesses to heed price signals or to feel the discipline imposed by market forces. The Limits to Free Enterprise With a Mixed Economy There are limits to free enterprise, however. Americans have always believed that some services are better performed by public rather than private enterprise. For instance, in the United States, the government is primarily responsible for the administration of justice, education (although there are many private schools and training centers), the road system, social statistical reporting, and national defense. In addition, the government often is asked to intervene in the economy to correct situations in which the price system does not work. It regulates natural monopolies, for example, and it uses antitrust laws to control or break up other business combinations that become so powerful that they can surmount market forces. The government also addresses issues beyond the reach of market forces. It provides welfare and unemployment benefits to people who cannot support themselves, either because they encounter problems in their personal lives or lose their jobs as a result of economic upheaval; it pays much of the cost of medical care for the aged and those who live in poverty; it regulates private industry to limit air and water pollution; it provides low-cost loans to people who suffer losses as a result of natural disasters; and it has played the leading role in the exploration of space, which is too expensive for any private enterprise to handle. In this mixed economy, individuals can help guide the economy not only through the choices they make as consumers but through the votes they cast for officials who shape economic policy. In recent years, consumers have voiced concerns about product safety, environmental threats posed by certain industrial practices, and potential health risks citizens may face; the government has responded by creating agencies to protect consumer interests and promote the general public welfare. The U.S. economy has changed in other ways as well. The population and the labor force have shifted dramatically away from farms to cities, from fields to factories, and, above all, to service industries. In todays economy, the providers of personal and public services far outnumber producers of agricultural and manufactured goods. As the economy has grown more complex, statistics also reveal over the last century a sharp long-term trend away from self-employment toward working for others. This article is adapted from the book Outline of the U.S. Economy by Conte and Carr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State.

A Profile of the Bonnethead Shark

A Profile of the Bonnethead Shark The bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo), also known as the bonnet shark, bonnet nose shark, and shovelhead shark is one of nine species of hammerhead sharks. These sharks all have a unique hammer or shovel-shaped heads. The bonnethead has a shovel-shaped head with a smooth edge. The head shape of the bonnethead may help it more easily find prey. A 2009 study found that bonnethead sharks have a nearly 360-degree vision and excellent depth perception. These are social sharks that are most often found in groups numbering from 3 up to 15 sharks. More About the Bonnethead Shark Bonnethead sharks are about 2 feet long on average and grow to a maximum length of about 5 feet. Females typically are larger than males. Bonnetheads have a grayish-brown or gray back that often has dark spots and a white underside. These sharks need to swim continuously to supply fresh oxygen to their gills. Classifying the Bonnethead Shark The following is the scientific classification of the bonnethead shark: Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: GnathostomataSuperclass: PiscesClass: ElasmobranchiiSubclass: NeoselachiiInfraclass: SelachiiSuperorder: GaleomorphiOrder: CarcharhiniformesFamily: SphyrnidaeGenus: SphyrnaSpecies: tiburo Habitat and Distribution Bonnethead sharks are found in subtropical waters in the Western Atlantic Ocean from South Carolina to Brazil, in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico and in the Eastern Pacific Ocean from southern California to Ecuador. They live in shallow bays and estuaries. Bonnethead sharks prefer water temperatures over 70  F and make seasonal migrations to warmer waters during the winter months. During these trips, they may travel in large groups of thousands of sharks. As an example of their travels, in the U.S. they are found off the Carolinas and Georgia in the summer, and further south off Florida and in the Gulf of Mexico during the spring, fall and winter. How the Sharks Feed Bonnethead sharks eat primarily crustaceans (especially blue crabs), but will also eat small fish, bivalves, and cephalopods. Bonnetheads feed mostly in the daytime. They swim slowly toward their prey, and then quickly attack the prey, and crush it with their teeth. These sharks have a unique two-phase jaw closing. Instead of biting their prey and stopping once their jaw is closed, bonnetheads continue to bite their prey during their second phase of jaw closing. This increases their ability to specialize in hard prey, like crabs. After their prey is crushed, it is suctioned into the sharks esophagus. Shark Reproduction Bonnethead sharks are found in groups organized by gender as spawning season approaches. These sharks are viviparous... meaning that they give birth to live young in shallow waters after a 4- to 5-month gestation period, which is the shortest known for all sharks. The embryos are nourished by a yolk sac placenta (a yolk sac attached to the mothers uterine wall). During development inside the mother, the uterus becomes separated into compartments that house each embryo and its yolk sac. There are 4 to 16 pups born in each litter. The pups are about 1 foot long and weigh about half a pound when born. Shark Attacks Bonnethead sharks are considered harmless to humans. Conserving Sharks Bonnethead sharks are listed as least concern by the IUCN Red List, which says that they have one of highest population growth rates calculated for sharks and that despite fishing, the species is abundant. These sharks may be caught for display in aquariums and used for human consumption and for making fishmeal. References and Further Information Bester, Cathleen. Bonnethead. Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed July 4, 2012.Cortà ©s, E. 2005. Sphyrna tiburo. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. Accessed July 3, 2012.Carpenter, K.E. Sphyrna tiburo: Bonnethead. Accessed July 4, 2012.Compagno, L., Dando, M. and S. Fowler. 2005. Sharks of the World. Princeton University Press.Krupa, D. 2002. Why the Hammerhead Sharks Head is In the Shape Its In. American Physiological Society. Accessed June 30, 2012.Viegas, J. 2009. Scalloped Hammerhead and Bonnethead Sharks have 360 Degree Vision. Accessed June 30, 2012.Wilga, C. D. and Motta, P. J. 2000. Durophagy in Sharks: Feeding Mechanics of the Hammerhead Sphyrna tiburo. The Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 2781–2796.

The history of North American frontiers from the ninth century to the Term Paper

The history of North American frontiers from the ninth century to the opening of the nineteenth - Term Paper Example In spite of the blood, cruelties and military conflicts, the North American frontier is a great contribution into the modern American culture. In the earliest years the Appalachian mountain range was considered the American frontier. In such a way it was possible to set the borders between civilization and wilderness. The independence of America enabled moving people across the frontier more freely. Therefore, a modern context of different institutions’ development implies an important role of the nation’s change. The laws of American development underline a cyclical advancement of the country along a constantly changing frontier line. On the example of the development of American nation in different historical periods it is shown the way nation managed to cope with inner and outer conflicts, referring to their dignity, strength, self-dependence and the absence of the governmental regulations. The difference between the frontier line of America and the frontier line of other countries is the following: the other countries knew their boundaries and they knew which countries were beyond these boundaries. The North America frontier underlined the unknown land beyond it. In accordance with Calloway: â€Å"†¦fertile valleys, meeting friendly people bedecked in turquoise, and hearing wondrous accounts of the towns to be found in the north† (p. 133). As far as we can see, the diversity of the North frontier is evident. The nature of the diversity can be found in the first settlers’ necessity to deal with natural challenges and remain self-sufficient. The main challenges happened nearly 10,000 years ago, with the corn’s cultivation (Calloway, 2003). The sedentary agricultural societies were shaped and there is an evident overlap of different nations occurred. In the process of development of large chiefdoms the ritualized religion was advanced. With furth er advancement of exchange economies, the chiefdoms grow surplus crops. It cannot be claimed that this system was dominant over hunting/gathering. The New Indians were adopting new strategies of economies and political organizations adoption. The earlier Mesoamericans led to vast cultural and religious. Moreover, in accordance with Calloway native groups are involved into challenged relations with animals. The animals’ rearing was the core element of Indians’ lives shaping. Thus, the main emphasis is made on eco organic relationships. Calloway finds surprising parallels in the relations of the earliest settlers Indians and further relations between Indians and Europeans, Indians and Americans. Indian-European relations across North America were developed as a genuinely comparative synthesis. Further on, relations between Indians and Europeans have changed from inner conflicts among different tribes to the conflicts between the representatives of completely different na tions. It was possible for people living in the frontier to overcome different barriers, because they supported their strong individuality. Thus, this tendency is contributing much to the development of the American mentality. The advancement of the northern frontier was mediated in the sixteenth century by the criollos (Spaniards born in America), mestizos and allied Indians (Calloway, 2003). This fact may be considered as a serious contribution into the modern economy of America. The process of settlement was not involving