Explanation Of The Digestive System And Associated Diseases Biology Essay

Explanation Of The Digestive System And Associated Diseases Biology Essay Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, a process required for survival. Without the capability to break food down into molecules small enough to enter the blood stream, an organisms energy levels would not support life. In humans and animals, blood cells must maintain a constant supply of energy for growth, repair, and reproduction. This energy is derived through ingested food that is broken down to a usable form through digestion. The digestive system is a contributor to the internal stability maintained for health and overall survival (Ch. 3: Human Organization, n.d). There are five stages of digestion that the human body goes through. Movement is the first stage; it is necessary to, first, propel food through the digestive organs so the following stages can occur. Stage two is glandular secretions that are released as a response to specific stimuli. These digestive juices assist in the chemical break down of food. In stage three, digestion breaks down food to a small enough form that will enable the molecular components to cross plasma membranes in cells, which allows stage four to take coarse. In stage four, absorption occurs as the molecules are passed into the bodies interior, or passed throughout the body if the molecules are unnecessary for the health of the organism. Finally, stage five, the process of the passing of the unneeded molecules discovered in stage four. The body must eliminate waste and undigested food in this final stage. Each stage involves appointed organs to do specific jobs along the process of digestion (Audersirk, Audersi rk, & Byers, 2008). HOMEOSTASIS Picture how a well oiled machine works, or a fine tuned orchestra; each instrumentalist working as an individual to produce one intricate melody. The individual string players produce one sound within the melody, the percussion produce another contributing sound, the winds, another, and so on. The equilibrium of such a scenario is very similar to how the human body performs homeostasis. Each different organ system maintains stability within the human body by contributing its own specific function through individual organs. These functions involve coordinated responses to abnormal stimuli or situations, and then work together to alleviate the abnormality (Audersirk, et al., 2008). There are five main functions that are involved in human homeostasis. The protective skin; featuring hair, nails, sweat and oil glands is known as the integumentary system. Support and movement of the body is provided by the muscular and skeletal systems. Survival, integration and control of the human body are supported by the nervous system, which senses stimuli and allows the body to control itself through thought; musculoskeletal system, where the muscle and bone functions combine to produce reflexes and strength, glandular system, producing chemicals for cellular stability; and endocrine system, releasing hormones. Continuance of the species relies on the reproductive organ systems, gametes such as sperm and eggs, and endocrine systems to release hormones. The overall maintenance of the body relies on several organ systems that are cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, and urinary and last, but certainly not least, the digestive system (Ch. 3: Human Organization, n.d). The digestive system keeps the conditions of the body normal, contributing to the tissue fluids that bathe cells with needed nutrients. Blood and tissue need to maintain a constant composition for cells to function and support the organism life. Although the endocrine and nervous system act as the composers of the hypothetical symphony that is homeostasis by coordinating organ system activities, the digestive system is a key member. This organ system is important because it helps maintain levels of energy in the cells through the absorption of nutrients, fats and glucose. Those nutrients, fats and glucose provide support for other systems and their cells as well as the overall health of the being. The digestive system is a contributor to the dynamic equilibrium that homeostasis is (Ch. 3: Human Organization, n.d.). HOW THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INTERACT WITH OTHER ORGAN SYSTEMS? The digestive system works in parallel with the kidneys and urinary (excretory system). While the digestive system collects and removes solids not digested, the excretory system filters compounds from the blood stream and collects them in urine. These systems work together to control the amount of water in your body. (Dowshen M.D., 2007) The circulatory system interacts with the digestive system to distribute the absorbed vitamins and nutrients through the body. To control the speed of digestion, the circulatory system carries chemical signals from the endocrine system (Dowshen M.D., 2007). The Endocrine system directs all the systems in the body to complete their intended functions. One way in which this occurs is through the release of hormones. Three major hormones, Gastrin, Secretin, and Cholecystokinin, control the digestion process. Produced and released through the mucosa of the small intestine, they travel through the heart, and arteries back to the digestive system where they stimulate digestive juices and organ movement. Other hormones in the digestive system that regulate the appetite are Ghrelin and Peptide YY. They work on the brain to help regulate the intake of food for energy (American Dietetic Association, 2008). The nervous system is also involved and supports the digestive system. Two nerves help control the action of the digestive system. The Extrinsic (outside) nerves come to the digestive organs from the brain/spinal cord. Acetylcholine, which causes the muscle layers in the digestive organs to squeeze with more force increasing digestive juices and the push of food through the digestive tract travels through these nerves. Adrenaline has the opposite effect, it relaxes the stomach and intestine, and decreases blood flow to the organs, slowing or stopping digestion (American Dietetic Association, 2008). The second is the Intrinsic (inside) nerve; it makes up a dense network embedded in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. This nerve is triggered when the walls of the hollow organs are stretched by food. It releases many different substances, which will speed up or delay the movement of food and production of juices by the digestive system. (American Dietetic Association, 2008). A perfectly functioning digestive system relies on many different systems to reach peak performance. Without the support and contribution of these systems the digestive system would be compromised affecting an individuals health. ORGANS IN THE DIGESTIVE SYTEM There are many organs in the digestive system that contribute to food digestion and the overall health of an individual. They include the oral cavity, salivary glands (Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublinqual), pharynx, epiglottis, liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine and rectum (Audersirk, et al., 2008). The Oral Cavity (mouth) is where food begins its digestive journey. As food is taken into the mouth it is chewed into small bits and mixed with saliva from the salivary glands: Paratoid, Submandibular, and Sublingual. Saliva aids digestion through the contribution of Amylase which is a digestive enzyme used to form sugar from starch, helping to prevent bacterial infections, and making it easier to swallow. As food passes from the mouth to the Pharynx, swallowing occurs which activates the Epiglottis (muscle flap) to cover the opening to a persons airway. The Epiglottis is a director keeping food out of areas it doesnt belong and sending it into the esophagus (food highway). The Esophagus is a passageway that travels from the pharynx to the stomach. Food moves through the esophagus towards the stomach with the aid of peristalses (muscle contractions). As food moves through the esophagus mucus is released to coat the passageway and protect if from being damaged as food travels to the s tomach (Audersirk, et al, 2008). As the food reaches the Stomach it passes through the Lower Esophageal Sphincter which acts as a lid to prevent stomach contents from entering the esophagus. The stomach is a muscular plant that functions to regulate the flow of food into the small intestine create smaller pieces of food through muscular contractions, and breakdown food through chemical processes. Gastric glands located in the stomach lining add Pepsinogen (inactive digestive enzyme), hydrochloric acid, and mucus into the stomach cavity to aid in the digestive process. The Pepsinogen becomes Pepsin (the active enzyme) when it is introduced to the hydrochloric acid. This separation of substances prevents the stomach from eating itself. The pepsin then starts protein digestion while the food is within the stomach. The mixing and churning of the stomach created by peristalsis, and the digestive enzymes and substances released into the stomach produces Chyme (partially digested food and digestive secretions ( Audersirk, et al., pg. 698 2008]). Chyme is the substance released at a regulated rate through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine. This portion of digestion can occur within 2 to 6 hours (Audersirk, et al., 2008). The Small Intestine is where the majority of digestion and absorption occurs. As chyme passes into the small intestine several enzymes and digestive secretions are released. The Liver contributes bile which is comprised of bile salts, water, other salts, and cholesterol. (Audersirk, et al., pg. 698, 2008) The salts contained within bile aid with the digestion and diffusion of fats within the chyme. The Pancreas disburses pancreatic juice (water, sodium bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes (Audersirk, et al., pg. 699, 2008]) into the small intestine which lowers the acidic levels of the chyme and aids in digestion. Digestive enzymes within pancreatic juice include pancreatic Amylase (effective carbohydrate enzyme), lipases (breaks down fats, lipids), and proteases (finishes protein breakdown). Once the useful substances contained in chyme (carbohydrates, protein, nutrients, lipids) are broken down, absorption occurs through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream, except f or glycerol and fatty acids. These must travel a different absorption route. Chylomicrons (groups of fat particles and protein) travel through the lacteal into the lymphatic system and end up in a vein close to the heart. The leftover waste is then passed into the large intestine (Audersirk, et al., 2008). The Large Intestine consists of the colon (ascending, transverse, and descending), and the rectum. The main function of the large intestine is to produce vitamins necessary for the body such as vitamin B12 and vitamin K. These vitamins are synthesized (produced chemically or biologically [MSN.Encarta Dictionary, 2008]) by bacteria within the large intestine and are then absorbed. This absorption triggers muscles (peristalsis) that contract the remaining waste into feces to be expelled from the body through the rectum (Audersirk, et al., 2008). THE ESOPHAGUS All the organs in the digestive system are formed specifically for the purpose of their function. Take the esophagus for example. The esophagus main purpose is get food from the mouth to the stomach, which makes its composition critical. Beginning at the base of the pharynx, the esophagus opens through the Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES) and ends at the stomach with the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES). The UES directs food into the Esophagus while the LES keeps food that has already left the esophagus and stomach acid from getting into it. Approximately 10 in length it is comprised of various muscular tissues. The upper third of the esophagus is striated muscle which is triggered by voluntary impulses. Once past the upper third of the esophagus the muscles turn smooth becoming the smoothest in the bottom portion of the esophagus. Smooth muscle is operated involuntarily by the nervous system. These muscles are in two layers. The outer layer of muscle fibers of the esophagus run vertically, while the inner layer of muscle fibers surrounds the esophagus in rings. These muscles are what move the food down the esophagus to the stomach. Prior to food entering, the esophagus remains collapsed, but as food enters it a signal is sent to the nervous system that triggers peristaltic contractions. These muscular contractions are the power behind the movement of food (Rosenberger M.D., n.d; Pope, C.E., 2008). The muscular layers of the esophagus are joined to an internal mucous layer via the Areolar or sub-mucous layer. This mucous membrane covers the interior of the esophagus and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium consisting of a basal layer of two to three layers of cells Located within the sub-mucous layer are the mucous type esophageal glands. The mucous membrane protects the esophagus from damage and aids the movement of food toward the stomach (Coutsoukis, n.d.). The esophagus receives blood from the inferior thyroid artery, tracheobronchial arteries, and the left gastric artery. Its venous pathways (route blood leaves the esophagus) are the superior vena cava, azygous system, and gastric veins. The structure of the esophagus and the support of the circulatory and nervous system all combine to make the esophagus a highly complex organ capable of completing its function as a highly developed transportation system (Rosenberger M.D., n.d; Pope, C.E., 2008). DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASES Several diseases and conditions can develop in the digestive system that can seriously affect an individuals overall health and quality of life. A person receives the nutrients that are necessary to sustain a healthy body through the digestive system, which makes its proper function critical to sustain life. Some of the diseases associated with this system develop due to a nutrient or vitamin deficiency in an individuals diet, consumption of excessive alcoholic beverages, or conditions that arise from a lack of development prior to birth. Two of these types of diseases are preventable through proper diet and good lifestyle choices, while the third is beyond the control of an individual to influence. In an effort to illustrate the differences, a disease from each type was chosen and discussed in the following paragraphs. Hirschsprungs is a disease caused by a birth defect, while Cirrhosis is caused from the consumption of excessive alcoholic beverages or exposure to Hepatitis A, B, or C (Audersirk, et al., 2008). Hirschsprungs disease (HD) is a condition that humans are born with due to lack of development in the large intestine or colon. This disease usually manifests in children and causes constipation or the complete inability to have a bowel movement. This occurs because the large intestine lacks the necessary equipment to do the job. Special nerve cells in the intestine, called ganglion cells make the muscles push. (Hirschsprungs disease, n.d.). These muscular contractions push the feces into the rectum so that it can exit the body. A child born with Hirschsprungs disease doesnt have these cells in parts of their intestine. As the stool enters one of these sections it stops creating a blockage. The stool then backs up into the small intestine and can cause a serious infection known as Enterocolitis. If left untreated, it can cause the colon to rupture creating the possibility of death. HD is common in children with Downs syndrome. Currently, surgery is the only available treatment and requires removing the section of diseased intestine. A colostomy bag is attached to the exterior of the body to receive bowel movements until the intestine heals. After it heals a second surgery is needed to reconnect the intestine with the anus. Children that receive the surgery can go on to lead normal lifestyles. The bodies inability to remove waste created from digestion created a life threatening situation (Hirschsprungs disease, n.d.). Cirrhosis of the liver is an example of a disease in the digestive system that is preventable. Cirrhosis is from damaged or scarred liver tissue. The scar tissue prevents the liver from functioning to its full capacity of making protein, fighting infections, cleaning the blood, assistance in digesting food and storing energy. Normal blood flow through the liver is blocked by the scar tissue. Excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages is the main cause for Cirrhosis. However, it can occur in humans if hepatitis A, B or C is contracted. Some causes of the disease may not be identifiable even after blood tests and an examination by a physician. It can be life threatening, but is usually treatable if detected early. People with Cirrhosis have to be extremely careful about medications and alcohol intake since the liver acts as a catalyst in breaking down chemicals and nutrients which may cause the liver to stop functioning completely. Regular exercise and a nutritious diet can prevent contracting the disease. Vaccinations are also available for Hepatitis A and B, but not for C (Audersirk, et al., 2008). A digestive system must be whole in order to function appropriately. A persons best bet for digestive health is to eat a healthy well rounded diet full of fiber, fruit, and the vitamins and nutrients necessary to promote a healthy body. Taking preventative sensible measures wont guarantee a persons health but it will greatly increase the odds in their favor.

Quantum Entanglement and Bell’s Theorem Essay

In the early 20th century, physicists were in need of a new theory to describe the world of the atom and its components. Newtonian mechanics and Einstein’s theory of relativity worked very well at describing the motion of the planets and stars, but when these theories were applied to the atom, they completely broke down. Max Planck discovered that atoms exchange energy in individual packets of specific energy values. Planck called these energy packets â€Å"quanta†, Latin for â€Å"unit of quantity†, hence the name quantum theory. Two pioneers of quantum theory, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrodinger, devised mathematical formulas to describe the atom. Two fundamental principles of quantum mechanics emerged from their equations: the uncertainty principle and the principle of superposition. Superposition states that an atom exists in all possible states until it is measured. The uncertainty principle says that you cannot know a quantum particles location and momentum (momentum is a particles velocity,roughly) at the same time. These principles are important because they reduce predictions of physical object’s position from an absolutes to only a range of probabilities. This is very different from the certainty of classical physics. The strangest phenomenon predicted, however, is quantum entanglement. It predicted that when a particle is split in two, it behaves as if it were still joined, no matter how far they are separated. Change one of the entangled particles and the other reacts instantly. These strange properties described by quantum mechanics were unacceptable to Einstein and many other physicists. Einstein felt that quantum theory itself must be a flawed theory to produce such strange predictions. The bizarre behavior and properties of the atom and sub-atomic particles must be attributable to some other mechanisms, he reasoned. Niels Bohr, another pioneer of quantum theory, deflected Einstein’s criticisms and claimed that quantum theory was a sound theory. The problem, Bohr said, was that we need an entirely new set of words and terminology for the theory because the realm of the atom was so different from our everyday experiences. In 1935 Einstein, along with Boris Poldolsky and Nathan Rosen, submitted a famous paper outlining their criticisms of quantum mechanics titled â€Å"Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? †. The EPR paper, as it is known, included an idea for an experiment that would test and prove who was right, classical physics or quantum mechanics. The test, however, was not thought possible. For 30 years the debate between the classical and quantum views continued. Physicist John Bell brilliantly devised a feasible experiment involving entanglement using individual photons, light filters, and photon detectors. He calculated two sets of equations that predict the results: one using classical mechanics, the other using quantum theory. The predictions of classical and quantum theories give very different results. The theory that matches the experimental data must be the correct theory. It would not be until 1980 that the technology existed to perform Bell’s experiment. I am going to greatly simplify how the experiment works for clarity. When a photon is split, each photon retains complementary properties of one another. That is, if a photon starts as â€Å"AB†, the individual halves of the photon become â€Å"A† and â€Å"B â€Å"(â€Å"B† is complementary to â€Å"A† and vice versa). If we measure one of the split photons as being â€Å"A†, the other must be â€Å"B†. In the experiment, the photon is split and the individual photons race through a path in opposite directions. They each go through a filter that polarizes the photons. Simply put, polarization orients the photon in a certain direction. Imagine the photon as a sphere with a pole through it marking as â€Å"north† or â€Å"south†. Polarization flips the direction of the pole. So, polarized light becomes either â€Å"up† (north) or â€Å"down† (south). In this case, the complement of â€Å"up† is â€Å"down† and vice versa. Our photons can be labeled â€Å"A up† or â€Å"B down†; â€Å"A down† or â€Å"B up† depending on how the filter polarizes it which is completely random. If we were to send a pair of photons on separate and opposite directions without a filter, no polarization happens and the detectors would register â€Å"A† on one and â€Å"B† on the other invariably. Add the filters, and the detectors register â€Å"A up†,†B down†,†B up†, or â€Å"A down†. Since the filters completely randomize each photon’s polarization, one detector could indicate an â€Å"A up† and the other could detect an â€Å"B up† for the same set of split photons, right? The Bell tests show that when when one detector registers â€Å"A up†, the other detector shows a â€Å"B down†. It’s not surprising the â€Å"A’s† are opposite to the â€Å"B’s†, it’s that their polarizations are always complementary, or opposite. How does the other photon â€Å"know† what the other polarization will be and act accordingly? Are they still connected somehow? If not, does one photon somehow send information about its state to the other photon so it can act accordingly? If the photons do somehow communicate, the information they send must travel much faster than the speed of light and violate a fundamental physical law. Whatever the case, it shows our understanding of the universe is incomplete. Bell was a proponent of Einstein’s view of reality and didn’t expect quantum theory to be proven right. After witnessing a confirmation of his theory he said â€Å"I have seen the impossible done†. The phenomenon of entanglement has been demonstrated in experiment after experiment and progressively separating the photons at greater distances. Recently in Vienna, an even more stringent test was completed by Professor Anton Zellinger. The tests have sent split photons from one island to another many kilometers away and had the same eerie result. Our whole description of fundamental reality has to be revised. After the latest confirmation of quantum theory in Vienna, Dr. Zellinger and his colleagues posted a help wanted. They are seeking a philosopher to help understand the profound implications.

Is the World Flat?

Globalization is a big issue in our modern day. What is globalization? Has globalization passed its peak? Is the world flat or spiky? There are several very vocal proponents of an argument that the world has become flat in recent years. However, there are some writers have the opposite opinion. This paper introduces both sides of the debate and presents the arguments for and against the idea that the world has become flat in recent years. The term â€Å"globalization† today refers to the shift in the world economy. It is moving towards a more integrated and interdependent world economy (H. C. W, p. 8). Globalization makes people, countries and markets closer. The world is flat; this view is supported by some people, but the most prominent being Thomas L. Friedman. â€Å"It’s a Flat World, After All† is a journal by Friedman which was published in 2005. In this article, Friedman argues the world is â€Å"flat† as a result of globalization; it is also a product of a convergence of personal computer and fiber-optic micro cable and software. Globalization has leveled the playing fields between different countries. This is what he called Globalization 3. 0 (started around 2000) which quite different from the earlier 2. 0 and 1. 0 versions (Thomas L. Friedman, 2005). To support the â€Å"flat world†, Friedman identities ten flattening factors that he sees as leveling the global playing field. Thomas Friedman taught us that the world is flat, but is the world really flat? Richard Florida has scorned his arguments. Florida, says that the world is actually spiky. In â€Å"The World is Spiky†, published in The Atlantic Monthly in 2005, Florida argues that economic power, innovation, and creative talent is actually only clustered in a few cities and regions, so these areas are growing higher while other areas languish (Richard Florida, 2005) Florida uses a series of maps to prove his argument. He shows where the world’s population centres are and where many of the world’s patents are issued and where the most scientists are located. Florida mentions the share of the world’s population living in urban areas is over 50% world wide now compared to just 3% in 1800. Some big cities, such as New York, Los Angeles, Toronto, Vancouver, Tokyo, Shanghai, around the globe are towers of patent filings, population, and science, but some cities are not. So the ability to innovate and create is only centred among few places in the world (Richard Florida, 2005). Pankaj Ghemawat, is another writer scorns the argument for the world has become flat. He argued more than ninety percent of the world's phone calls, Web traffic, and investments are still domestic (Ghemawat, 2007). Ghemawat also suggests that Friedman’s assertions are exaggerated visions. He points out that Friedman has grossly exaggerated the significance of the trends he describes: â€Å"Despite talk of a new, wired world where information, ideas, money, and people can move around the planet faster than ever before, just a fraction of what we consider globalization actually exists (Ghemawat, 2007) The issue of if the world has become flat in recent years has divided opinion in two different sides. Proponents of an argument that the world has become flat, like Friedman, believes people are getting closer and all competitors have an equal opportunity. The opposite side, such as Florida and Ghemawat, says otherwise. They think there are peaks and valleys. The peaks are getting stronger and more connected to each other. Word Count: 613 words Bibliography Article Florida, R. 2005, ‘The world is spiky,' Atlantic Monthly (October), pp. 8-51. Friedman, T. L. 2005, ‘It’s a flat world, after all', The New York Times Magazine, April 3, pp. 33-37. Ghemawat, P. 2007, ‘Why the world isn't flat,' Foreign Policy (March-April), pp. 54-60. Hill, C and Cronk, T and Wickramasekera, R. ‘Global Business Today’, pp. 8 Internet ‘The World is Not Flat – It's Spiky’, February 26, 2006, from: http://remoteaccess. typepad. com/remote_access/2006/0 2/the_world_is_no. html ‘Is the World Flat †¦ or Spiky? ’ From: http://insidework. net/resources/articles/is-world-flat-or-spiky

Sports Stars Has Changed The Views Of Athletics - 1327 Words

â€Å"I think sportsmanship is knowing that it is a game. That we are only as a good as our opponents, and whether you win or lose, to always give 100 percent† (Sue Wicks). The idea of a game has been lost with the huge media and economic conglomerates that modern sports have created. As a nation America has lost sight of what is truly important with winning and losing. What is important is what is taken back from the game and not who wins the big game. Promoting false idols and spending billions on sports stars has changed the views of athletics their morals. In our world we once idolized intelligence and the ability to be ethically right. Now we teach that whoever preforms in sports and wins the game succeeds. Athletes went from making almost nothing and playing for the love of the game to striving for 100 million dollar contracts and forgetting about education. Many people want to excel in sports and be stars but don’t care about the risks or education they receive o r interact with on the way. By promoting the massive sports world Americans have lost track of the idea of a game, and the education they are receiving while promoting sports over schooling. American schools spend on average more than any other country in the world on every student that attends, but rank in the lower half of countries when it comes to test scores because of the emphasis of schools sports teams. In America we have been slowly promoting the advancement of our sports programs over our educationalShow MoreRelatedThe Rule : The Rules For College Athletes1054 Words   |  5 PagesThe NCAA for countless years has regulated and overseen the actions and conduct of the players they hold. The rules the NCAA has in place are there to keep the playing field fair for all schools across the country. However, some of these rules put unfair restrictions on the players. 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Justice And The Criminal Justice Part Of The Legal System

LAW3CJU CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT Word count: XXXX Felix Ferris Student number: 17290893 Seminar details: Tuesday, 4pm – 5pm (Room: MAR 171), Pascale Chifflet I. Introduction Miscarriages of justice illuminate the serious systematic problems that can plague the criminal justice part of the legal system. Such miscarriages show not only the fundamental weakness of an adversarial system, with its focus on ends rather than means, but also the reluctance of the system to consider its own mistakes. One such example is the case of David Harold Eastman and the recent quashing of Mr Eastman’s conviction for the murder of Colin Stanley Winchester . The case and subsequent inquiry demonstrated a significant departure from the norms governing areas of disclosure and forensic expert evidence. The Eastman inquiry lends consideration to the broader organisational and institutional response to miscarriages of justice and how they may be prevented in future. 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Mcdonalds Value Chain Analysis - 5751 Words

2010 Management Information System: McDonald’s case study Idris Sugiarto (21671532) McDonald’s is no doubt the world’s most powerful brand in quick service restaurant industry in terms of market share and brand value. Committed in quality, service, cleanliness, and value, McDonald’s must deliver its product to consumers with consistency and efficiency. This report will explore how McDonald’s corporation maintains its operational excellence through support from integration of sophisticated technologies. It suggests that to be able to apply technology in organization, value chain process must be defined and by then, information technology can be utilized to link each process that forms a comprehensive information system. It further explains†¦show more content†¦The fees include land and building rent, service fees, royalties 2 Management Information System: McDonald’s case study 2010 based on sales, and initial fees from franchisees (McDonald’s, 2009). The fees can vary according to type of site, amount of company investment, and local business condition (Euromonitor International, 2009a). In addition, U.S, Europe, and APMEA (Asia/Pacific, Middle East, and Africa) account for 35%, 41%, and 19% of total revenues respectively (McDonald’s, 2009). Although the main business of McDonald’s is restaurant business, McDonald’s Corporation is the largest owner of retail property in the world and the company earn majority of its revenue not from selling food but from collecting rent (Schlosser, 2002). Figure 1.1 – Revenue source by restaurant ownership (Euromonitor International, 2009a) Figure 1.2 – Revenue source by countries (Euromonitor International, 2009a) Marketing towards children Since 1979, McDonald’s has been targeting children between 3-9 years old by introducing Happy Meal, give away toys for meal purchase (Euromonitor International, 2009b; Schlosser, 2002). 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The Time Machine free essay sample

One of the most famous time travelling novels was H. G. Wells’ The Time Machine which was published in 1895. Thoughts and ideas of time travelling existed before Wells’ work, but it was him who formulated the idea of time travelling as using a â€Å"machine†. The dictionary defines the term â€Å"literature† as writings in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and universal interest, are characteristic or essential features, as poetry, novels, history, biography, and essays. Through the different genres and subgenres that H. G. Wells has created in The Time Machine, proving that this literary work belonging in â€Å"high culture† will support its relevance in the tradition of Western literature. According to Peter Firchow, H. G. Wells â€Å"does not only appeal to a recently created audience which, like himself expected its fictions to be a least as technologically sophisticated as the articles on technology and science in its newspapers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Time Machine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He also appeals to an audience that, like himself, had been nourished on a rich fare of travel literature, especially travel to exotic places and often – as with Livingston and Stanley – under conditions of extreme hardship and danger† (124). The Time Machine can draw in a larger audience through its adventurous theme of travelling to foreign places. Even in its title, we can draw out even more ideas that can relate to mechanics or engineers from the word â€Å"Machine†. In the Science Fiction Studies, Veronica Hollinger deconstructed the idea of a time machine and states that, â€Å"To write about time travel, therefore, is necessarily to have performed a kind of reading, to have interpreted time in order to structure it as the â€Å"space† through which a traveler can undertake a journey† (201). Hollinger argues that time travel is a â€Å"sign without a referent† and that the time travel story provides literary metaphors of our ideas about the nature of time. This is also useful to show how evident the concepts are not normally grasped or produced from readers. The new idea of time travelling would have to come from educated thoughts and/or a â€Å"high culture† of educated society in Western literature. Part of the plot in The Time Machine also emphasizes a â€Å"prophetic warning of the decline of the human race and this â€Å"devolution† is the apparently direct result of the class divisiveness of Wells’ contemporary social situation† (Hollinger 202). The story involves travelling to the year 802,701 A. D. and encountering beings called the Eloi and Morlocks. The society and class structure are clearly divided in this culture. This vision of a disturbing future could have been a message from the English author to the society so it can change its ways. If not, his story about the Eloi can be a clue of advice to warn them about their troublesome ways in society, government, etc. through these metaphors from time travelling. The idea of what is yet to come, whether it is through social class or government, shows some of the criteria that may be required to fully understand the message Wells tries to get across to audiences. Being knowledgeable and educated in the modern society helps showcase the theories in the plot. From Michael P. Lee’s Reading Meat in H. G. Wells, he states that humans are a â€Å"vigorous animal† and yet we try to divide ourselves to become more civilized. He states that â€Å"In the work of H. G. Wells, meat becomes both something capable of shaping narrative structure and the visceral evidence of an imperial culture in which social interest is inseparable from appetite and illumination is bound to carnage† (Lee 250). He continues, â€Å"†¦the seeker of information—the explorer, the scientist, the attentive conversationalist, even the reader of these books—is figured as a sublimated hunter of human meat. So while it is a commonplace in interdisciplinary work on cannibalism that in Western culture the cannibal has long been â€Å"a figure associated with absolute alterity and used to enforce boundaries between a civilized ‘us’ and savage ‘them’†. This also has the underlying message of â€Å"devolution†, and emphasizes the idea of the Morlocks cannibalizing the Eloi, which can be meant to foreshadow and mirror our futuristic fate as a society. Again, the topics of society, Darwinism, and cultural cannibalism are more aimed at a â€Å"high cultured† audience. Among the various characters that are introduced before the time traveler tells his story, we are familiarized with dinner guests that give the impression of being educated individuals. Their professions are revealed and are from different fields of study such as medical, psychology, an editor and journalist. Wells’ chose these characters apparently to be realistic because of them being â€Å"professional skeptics† (Firchow 126). Readers also learn that the narrator is a scientist of some kind. As the character speaks of his extraordinary travels, we are only given comments from him, using just his observation, that show that he has no help in trying to understand this world and nothing to aid in explaining anything to him. Firchow states that, â€Å"The Time Traveler’s understanding of the future is solely based on his deductions, which – no matter how persuasive they may seem to us – remain mere hypotheses to the very end† (127). He continues to address that this is also the method that is used by another fictional contemporary, Sherlock Holmes, to solve his mysteries. These literary works depict men of moderately high education, and with this science fiction novel readers are introduced to time traveling with a more scientific perspective as well realistic questioning and doubt from the characters. There have been many instances in fiction where time travel is used as a plot device and it has branched even further through pop culture and the entertainment industry. Some examples include television shows and full motion pictures like Doctor Who, Back to the Future, Japanese animation, Futurama, Superman, and episodes of the Twilight Zone. The plot device is also used in the genres of romantic dramas such as The Time Traveler’s Wife and The Lake House. In The Time Machine, H. G. Wells also uses a connection to draw another side of the audience through the main character’s found relationship with an Eloi, Weena. To help connect using a more emotional and powerful story, Wells provides a sense of â€Å"the Time Traveller’s personal safety – and, eventually, also that of his friend Weena – deepends on his ability to grasp what is really going on in the world of the Eloi and the Morlocks† (Firchow 128). This also accommodates readers with a sensitive side using this nurturing yet blurred romantic relationship. This bond is a link to the classic theme of the â€Å"damsel in distress†. An attractive being that is deemed to be female, forms an alliance with the main character that creates this affair motif after he saves her from drowning. The time traveler is accredited to becoming the â€Å"hero† when Wells displays Weena as a somewhat foolish, naive, and helpless individual that requires the needs protection. After his attachment with Weena, he learns of the situation of two species at hand and continues to try to keep Weena safe due to her helplessness. The time traveler also wants to bring Weena back with him to his current time which helps emphasize the attraction. The Sci-fi genre is not only exclusive to certain fanatics, but can become appealing through these other elements that H. G. Wells uses in The Time Machine. At the same time, Wells stands by his education and makes it apparent in the story. Firchow states that, â€Å"Wells is a radical innovator. He is the first writer of Utopian fiction to argue that the achievement of Utopia will inevitably lead to stagnation and degeneration. He is the first major novelist to make this claim because he is also the first to be fully informed of and convinced by Darwin’s theory of evolution† (131). This thought of â€Å"survival of the fittest† brings a struggle to the audience as well when thinking of the future of human kind. Deep thoughts can be pondered about evolution, time travel, and human nature. Peter Firchow states that The Time Machine is not only an innovative but also very much representative work of the late 19th century, a period often designated as the Age of Symbolism† (129). Through these different opportunities of appealing genres, H. G. Wells gives a great tale of adventure, scientific deductions, social degeneration, and life itself. Many of these themes and subjects involve a â€Å"higher cultured† education and may be required to have understood and/or interpreted these topics prior to reading this iconic story of a degenerating earth. The Time Machine has become involved in our Western literature as a classic and also an original inspiration to many modern day science fiction works. Even educators and scientific studies gain inspiration through the scientific observations that is used by the time traveler. The observations of astronomy through his journey combined with his deductions in figuring out the species of the future appeals to many. The Time Machine appeals to the imagination and minds of adventurers, educators, scientists, and storytellers that continue to question and strive for answers about our abilities and continue to investigate the ideas humanity itself.